Science Of Climate Change And How Combined Cycle Power Plants

Scientific Report The science of climate change and how combined cycle power plants will slow its impact Pascal Nguyen School of Applied Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3021, Australia Abstract The increase in the emission of greenhouse gases has led to the increase in climate change; the consequence of unchecked pollution, where carbon emissions caused by human activity enters the air and causes negative impacts on the environment. One of the many negative impacts could be the change in the current state of the ocean and the melting of the cryosphere. One of the ways to combat the increase in climate change may be the addition of the combined cycle power plants and how its efficient ways will lower greenhouse†¦show more content†¦All of these factors, ultimately, affect the distribution, abundance, breeding cycle and migration of marine plants and animals that millions of people rely on for food and income. †¢ Cryosphere The plant’s frozen areas are some of the most sensitive to climate change, as climate change starts to increase, the mass loss of ice in these areas starts to increase leading to major problems such as the major problem of water levels rising. One of the ways the world is trying to fight back the increase in the greenhouse gas emission (GHG) is through the use of combined cycle power plants used to created energy for the population. A gas turbine generator produces electricity and waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional electricity through a steam turbine. The gas turbine is one of the most efficient one of the conversion of gas fuels to mechanical power or electricity, Through the research of the science of climate change, it is important to look at this topic as early as possibly can as it is the key to being able to change and make notice the way human kind acts on climate change. 1.1 Natural gas combined-cycle power plants The process for converting the energy in a fuel

The Economic Theory Of Monopoly And Monopoly - 1097 Words

The European Court has defined a dominant market position as: ‘...a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to [†¦] behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers’ Does this definition make economic sense? How should it be interpreted in the light of the economic theory of monopoly and oligopoly? Market Dominance†¦.(Intro) Monopoly and Oligopoly are market structures in economics which are deemed to exercise market power within their characteristics in terms of market concentration and price determination. More specifically, a Monopoly market structure is one where a single firm is the seller of a product in a market which therefore meaning it has the full market shares in a particular market. Monopolies are also characterised by a lack of competitors in a market, or viable substitutes to a good or service. Therefore, a firm in a monopoly enjoys the power of being a price maker in a market as it has no close competitors to influence price. Conversely, an Oligopoly market structure is on where a few firms in a market dominate as sellers of a good or service. The notion of having a small number of sellers makes the idea of rigorous completion less likely rather in oligopolies firms look to interact(collusion)amongst each other to gain profits. This is vitally important as the actions of one firm can have a very considerable impact on the actions of others as well as profits.Show MoreRelatedA Monopoly Is A Single Seller951 Words   |  4 PagesA monopoly (from Greek monos ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (alone or single) + polein πωÎ »ÃŽ µÃ¡ ¿â€"ÃŽ ½ (to sell)) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity (this contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity s control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few entities dominating an industry).[2] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produc e the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goodsRead MoreEssay about Economics of a Monopoly1506 Words   |  7 PagesEconomics of a Monopoly Introduction  ¡Ã‚ §Monopoly ¡Ã‚ ¨ is defined by its market power. Monopolies are always known to possess an exclusive control over its particular market and that gives them the sovereign authority to control the prices for its goods or services (Dictionary.com Unabridged (v1.1), 2006). Hence, they represent the market. They indeed have detrimental effects on consumer and social welfare. In this paper, section 1 will focus on the theory and economics of a monopoly. Section 2Read MoreEssay on Natural Monopoly1091 Words   |  5 Pages| Natural Monopoly | Telecommunications Law and Regulation Week 2 | | | | | I believe that times change and as they, change rules and regulations must adapt to the times. Therefore, the treatment of the different industries must represent the different industries as they grow. I do not think the Telephone and Broadcast should never have or ever be considered a â€Å"Natural Monopoly†. The concept of natural monopoly presents a challenging public policy dilemma. On the oneRead MoreCompetition Policy : Theory And Practice1477 Words   |  6 Pages Market Power 1. Introduction With the development of economics, market power is a heated topic. Motta (2005) states that market power refers to the ability of firms to set prices above marginal costs in the book called Competition Policy: Theory and Practice. George A. Hay thinks â€Å"The modern concept of the market power focuses on the potential for consumers to suffer injury through the actions of a single firm or a group of firms acting in concert†(1991) in his essay about market power in antitrustRead MoreTypes of Competition1000 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic theory usually differentiates across the four major types of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. Although the list of market structures can be virtually unlimited, these four types are considered to be the basis for understanding the principles of market performance in different market conditions. Each of the four types of market structures possesses its benefits and drawbacks. In any of t hese markets, an entrepreneur can develop a strategyRead MoreThe Market Structures Of A Market Structure962 Words   |  4 PagesIn economics, there are four market structures that function in the worldwide market. Each of these market structures correlates with one another to create the demand and supply of the market. However, these market structures have some unique traits that no other theory can have alike. Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopolyRead MoreEssay on Microeconomics and the Board Game Monopoly1024 Words   |  5 PagesAll I ever needed to know about microeconomics I learned from the Hasbro board game Monopoly. Some people, like myself, need practical models in order to understand certain concepts and theories. In our text book The Economy Today it completely ignores the intrinsic value of business decisions because you can’t put a numeric value on it. The game Monopolyâ„ ¢ is all about the numbers. In the game of Monopolyâ„ ¢ you have goals: The object is to bankrupt all opponents. To do so, you must be dedicatedRead MoreGovernment Regulation1301 Words   |  6 Pagespromote competition in the market space. The reason industrial regulation exists is to keep an eye on firms by making sure monopolies don’t start, however if they do or currently exist regulations are put in place to monitor prices and products to make sure society and consumers are not taken advantage of. Regulation has been put into place to inhibit growth of monopoly by making restraint of trade illegal and by imposing the possible threat of felony charges with the intent to conspire. IndustrialRead MoreEconomics1291 Words   |  6 PagesLeibenstein argued that the loss of economic efficiency in industries that are not perfectly competitive has been understated. He argued that when competition is weak, firms are under less pressure to adopt the best techniques or to hold down their costs. He referred to this effect as x-inefficiency. If x-inefficiency causes a firms marginal costs to rise, show that the deadweight loss in Figure 10.10 understates the true deadweight loss caused by a monopoly. If the monopoly were more efficient, its marginalRead MoreMain Factors of Product Pricing in the Uk1416 Words   |  6 Pagesobject represents the overall demand for that product at a specific time. However, every firm had a different ideology about price and they way they set price. One of these main factors that affect price is the actual objective of the firm. Traditional theory suggests that firms will charge a profit-maximizing price where price is determined when marginal cost equals marginal revenue. They operate to seek a maximum return on the investment and costs they have input. The diagram below shows how firms produce

Beginners Guide for Zend Framework 2.0 Free Essays

Beginners Guide for Zend Framework 2. 0 When it comes to open source software and applications, Zend Framework is one of the most preferred platforms for web applications. Zend Framework 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Beginners Guide for Zend Framework 2.0 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 has been released to overcome the common issues of the previous version and provide an advanced framework for the development of web applications. You can expect a lot of new features including cloud computing, superior event management, and advanced features for event tracking. The Beginners Guide for Zend Framework 2. is a series which will help you in getting started with Zend Framework 2. 0. We are going to discuss each and every aspect of ZF2. 0 with practical example. What’s new in Zend Framework 2. 0 Before starting with ZF2. 0, let us find out what’s new in this version †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ New and refactored Autoloaders Improved Exception System Advance and refactored View Component New Cloud Infrastructure component New and advanced Event Manager component New Plugin Broker Strategy Rewritten Session Component New Dependency Injection Component Post 1 of series ——————————————————————————————————– How to setup Zend Framework 2. 0 Zend Framework 2. 0 is a whole new outfit for Zend Framework and you will find new components, renamed and changed components, and addition of advanced services for better web applications. You would be amazed with the bug fixes and error controlling components available with ZF2. 0. So you need a lot of modifications for this latest version and let us find out how to start working with ZF2. 0. Installing Zend framework 2. First of all you need to download the setup of ZF2. 0 and the best option is to download Zend Framework Minimal Package for Windows including PHP 5. 3 in it. Save the file in the library folder as library/zend. There are different methods f or installing ZF2. 0 on your machine: †¢ †¢ †¢ Installation Using Pear Installation Using Subversion (svn) Using Git Installation with Pear For the users having Pear enabled on their system, the best method of installing ZF 2. 0 is by using Pear and following two simple command as: pear channel-discover pear. zfcampus. org pear install zfcampus/zf Installation with Subversion (svn) Users having Subversion running on their system can download the software from public repository and you are not required to download the whole version, you can simply upgrade the frame work with new releases. Installing with Git Many programmers prefer Git for downloading the latest software upgrades and you can use Git for the latest version of ZF 2. 0. Getting ready for your first ZF Project Zend Framework has some specific system requirements like adding frame work in include_path and access to scripts located outside the document. You need to have a proper directory structure before starting with the project and let us find out the best directory structure for your first ZF project 1. docroot/ 2. index. php 3. application/ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. default/ controllers/ IndexController. php FooController. php models/ views/ 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. scripts/ index/ foo/ helpers/ filters/ blog/ controllers/ IndexController. php models/ views/ scripts/ index/ helpers/ filters/ news/ controllers/ IndexController. php ListController. hp models/ views/ scripts/ index/ list/ helpers/ Filters/ Each of the directories has a specific role and use, let us find out the importance of each of these directories Application: Application directory is meant for all the codes used for the application. Configs: This directory is responsible for the overall application. Modules: Modules are required for at different stages of development so make sure to create a di rectory for modules for any future requirements of the project. Data: Data directory is responsible for holding volatile and temporary data including sessions, logs, cache, and even the upload data. This directory will act as an easy to find data block for your application. Library: This directory is used for storing different libraries that are throughout the application. Add this directory in include_path for any reference and requirement. Scripts: Script directory is used for maintaining all the scripts including patches, command line, and cron scripts used in the application. Docs: This directory is created for storing data generated in the application and data directly used in the application. Setting Up bootstrap Bootstrap is the entry and exit point for all the command in any given applications including requests, response, route, and even dispatch commands. For setting up your Bootstrap, create index. php file and add the following code in your application. Background Process: First of all, you need to define all the main directories as contants for easy access and then initiate Zend/Application/Application for starting the application. The command bootstrap() is used for booting the application and then transfer the control to the original bootstrap of the application. For higher security, make sure to mention minimum details in index. php and try to keep all the logic in the bootstrap class created in your application directory. The next step in setting up ZF 2. 0 is to create the . htaccess file for handling and redirecting all the requests to bootstrap. Create . htaccess file for your project The main function of . htaccess file is redirect all the requests made in the project to the public bootstrap file. Before creating the file, you need to mention its global configuration like rewriting writes and similar permissions. You can do it by following method. Create a directive in your vhost file and provide permission for . htaccess to be parsed. allow override all none Now create public/. htaccess file with following code: Once you have created the . htaccess file for your application, you are ready to start with the project. Although there are some simple steps left in the process including setting up the application. ini file and then you can start with creating your first controller, how to input data from user, filter the data, validating data, and a lot of different things. Conclusion: ZF 2. 0 has a lot of quality upgrades as compared to the earlier version and the best way to use all of these features is to follow this guide step by step. There are many new features added in ZF 2. 0 which makes it a really powerful tool for developing impressive web applications. One of the most important additions is the advanced Event Manager and Cloud Infrastructure tool provided in ZF 2. 0. There is a lot to learn in this new feature packed Framework. Next Post Contents: †¢ †¢ Displaying information to user How to link pages together How to cite Beginners Guide for Zend Framework 2.0, Essay examples

College Admission Essay Thank You, Dante free essay sample

During the first semester, I read the Inferno by Dante, and consequently, the book became the first piece of literature to critically challenge my assumptions. I used to believe Hell was a fiery cave wedged into the earth’s core. The devil dominated a sauna and whipped the sinners with his tail as if they were his circus animals. Hell wasn’t surrounded by delicate clouds and golden rays like Heaven but a turbulent free-for-all with heated rocks and oozing lava. The devil’s home was a mouth, waiting to consume every ounce of human flesh possible. However, when I walked into Ms. Smith’s second period English class, my teacher and Dante suddenly turned my thoughts around. Instead of a spectrum of red, Dante’s imagery in the Inferno painted blankets of darkness and icy tempest storms into my mind. The author wrote of structured levels and reasonable punishments. In addition, the Inferno had one more varying idea: God punished the devil in Hell just as H e cast down the other sinners. We will write a custom essay sample on College Admission Essay: Thank You, Dante or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result, our opposing views of Hell wasn’t the overall theme of the novel but the reality that everyone has his or her own opinions, and, thus, we should learn from each other. In addition to a makeover of Hell, Dante had a clear message: your actions on Earth affect your place in the afterlife. God condemned the sinners because they lost sight of their values. At birth, God grants each person free will, the opportunity to choose Jesus’s path or to stray onto another road. Thus, the Inferno prompted a self-reflection of the choices I am making, especially about college. Ever since the fourth grade, one of my best friends and I planned on going to school in the northeast. However, after a college tour, I realized that the north was not the place for me right now. I was born and raised in the south, so naturally, I am addicted to southern hospitality, warm weather, my mom’s crawfish etouffee, and Parkway Bakery’s fried shrimp poboy. I assumed brisk weather and subways were my future; however this was my best friend’s dream, not mine. Family is important to me, so I want to be close enough to where I can come home more than three t imes a year. Thus, I felt torn between my friends’, dad’ s, and mom’s plans for me, but once again, Dante intervened and reminded me that I have free will. I needed to stay true to who I am and not allow others to make my decision for me. I have the power to make my own choices and not listen to what everyone else wants but what I want. With my free will, I choose a school that challenges me, a place where people know me by name, and a college that builds character. I found this at Loyola. Finally, the diversity of the school allows me to challenge my preconceptions, and I have the opportunity to grow in knowledge and as a human being. Learning doesn’t have to end with the classroom’s blackboards but expands past the concrete walls. I will be the student in life’s lessons, and I am the student who will continue learning for the rest of her life, whether it be through literature or involvement in the community. So thank you, Dante. You’ve opened my eyes to new opportunities and allowed me to exercise my choice, my free will.

NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State

Introduction When a distress call comes and someone needs your help you, as the person in charge of a department related to disaster management, are tasked with formulation of a response on how you can help or contain the impending or the ongoing disaster. Thus, it is very important to have good communication and coordination for the disaster to be managed successfully.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State-Level Homeland Security Procedure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the times, many people overlook the need to have a coordinated system as most assume that a disaster may never occur to them. The people involved in both ends of the spectrum needs to find a way of communicating so as to enable the disaster manager to plan for the best mitigation processes. As Hicks (2006) states, â€Å"The problem is that many business and industrial sites engage in emergen cy planning without the inclusion of the emergency responders.†(p6) The lack of involvement as has been experienced in the past has led to reduced communication and coordination in cases of disasters leaving manageable crisis destroying property worth millions and losses of lives in some situations. To control and avoid the re-occurrence of disasters due to low (or none) communication and coordination experienced in the past within the country, the president saw the importance of every party involved working together and thus issued a directive to the formation of NIMS as developed by the Department of Homeland Security. The ICS Model: (Incident Command System) Back in 1971 the state of California was faced with issues on how they could coordinate in the issues of wild land fire fighting and thus they developed the ICS model. They created an organization by the name of FIRESCOPE (Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies). The organization covere d essential requirements in managing the problematic incidents by creating a team effort with the aim of solving problems that may arise in the future. The ICS has been refined, improved, and adopted in the other American states but its basic goals have always remained the same.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NIMS Model: (National Incident Management System) This a system that provides a national platform to enable all the concerned stakeholders be it the federal, state, country or even the village private and non private sectors work together in an effort to respond, prepare or even prevent a disaster regardless of the nature of the disaster itself (Naake, 2003). The main goals of NIMS as stated by Hicks (2006) were to â€Å"Make standardized procedures, planning, training, and exercising; qualify emergency personnel; make communication systems and procedures interoperabl e and establish information and communication technologies.† (p6) The above systems have helped in adding accountability, transparency and systematic coordination among the relevant departments in the United States in case of occurrence of any disaster. The Advantages of Communication and Information Management Systems: Since the communication language is the same it ensures consistency in the response thus helping business or other parties that may be in need of help recover fast as it allows them to communicate their problems and concerns at all the necessary levels. When communication and coordination is integrated, the responding departments will manage the disasters in a way that reduces interruption of the business, time for recovery and also the recovery costs will be minimal preventing incurring of big losses. The ICS and the NIMS systems also enhance greater efficiency as they are specifically designed to direct and coordinate efforts in the event of a disaster or a c risis of any type. The coordination among the different departments for example in case of fire, a quick response from the cops, the medics and the fire fighting department within a state can help save lives and salvage properties in the verge of consumption by the fire. Thus, by using similar language terminologies, the involved parties are able to respond and understand the needs of the other parties thus a quicker action is taken to control the disaster. Management of Resources The coordination and oversight of equipments, procedures, and required systems that usually provide the disaster manager with timely and enough resources during an incident is all resource management entails during disaster management. The procedure involves describing, recording, requesting (if not available), and keeping a close eye on how the resources are used before, during, and after an incident.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State -Level Homeland Security Procedure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The improved communication system also allows for faster mobilization, allocation, use and recalling of some of the needed resources during a crisis while at the same time reducing the time needed in accessing any required aid and assistance resources. It is a very important task as it can make or destroy everything involved. Multi Agency Coordination The combination of equipment, personnel and procedures among other processes into a common system that allows the integration between the local and even the state emergency units in case a crisis occurs and external assistance is needed is a major benefit of the ICS/ NIMS systems. Coordination of activities and prioritization of demands needed or competing made by the distress callers is another major advantage. The multi agency coordination also enhances in the identification of future resources that may be needed in ma naging a disaster and also strategic coordination among the states, tribes, and even the countries (FEMA, 2004). Conclusion Disaster management is a major issue that need to be looked into although most of the times people overlook it. With the increasing risks of disasters occurring, for example, due to fire or terrorism activities we can conclude that the United States of America authorities have been looking into this matter as can be evidenced by the introduction of the ICS and the NIMS systems, which aid in communication and response between the respondents and disaster managers. If these two tools are used effectively, disaster management will be an easy task as there will be increased communication and coordination among the involved departments. Reference List FEMA. (2004). National Incident Management System (NIMS): An introduction. Web. Hicks, J. M. (2006). Introduction and Coordination of NIMS with our Business Community. Retrieved from  https://www.usfa.fema.gov/index. html Naake, E. L. (2003). National Incident Management System (NIMS) Guide for county officials. Retrieved from  https://nema.nebraska.gov/Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on NIMS and ICS Models benefits to the State-Level Homeland Security Procedure was written and submitted by user Eliza Hogan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Name about my name poem Essays

Name about my name poem Essays Name about my name poem Essay Name about my name poem Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Name about my name poem Ahmed I was named after my grandfather, It is the number 300, In addition, my name is of profit Mohamed’s name, It is a Muslim name and it embraces humor, As a way of defusing hatred and prompting understanding, My initials is AA, My nickname is Ace, The reason for my nickname is because, Whenever I play card, I do have at least one ace on my head, My name is Ahmed, My friends misinterprets it as Ahmed Ahmed, Just like the Arab-American comedy actor, Because I make funs, which make them laugh, My friends find it hard to hate me because am peaceful, My name is Ahmed, It means I believe in religious revolutionary, That only through Ahmed, people can seek Allah, He is the one, who brings trustworthiness that improves, Performance of Islamic religious beliefs, My name is Ahmed, The profit of Mohammed through which people seek Allah, Those who seek for help from Allah, Have no doubts on him, Because they will get peace through Mohamed, My name is Ahmed, It is like prophet Mohamed, Because through Allah, he creates peace, It is the memory of my grandfather, Who taught me to believe and have piece with others.

Article two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article two - Essay Example Engaging in corporate responsibility gives the company a better image and consumers will want to engage more in the products being offered ( Crane, 21). Social responsibility can take different forms, the most popular being committing funds or resources for important social aspects. An example is donating money towards funding a facility for the blind. Another form of social responsibility is producing goods and services that are in the best interest of the whole community such as environmental friendly products or use of safe manufacturing materials. According to (Crane, 79) the best form of corporate social responsibility should integrate the two forms mentioned above. Produce environmental friendly products and funding charitable activities. Conclusively, the benefits of social responsibility include easy government relations. Companies have a more positive outlook if they take social responsibility seriously. No problems or campaigns will be launched against such companies. It also benefits the public relations by shaping consumer image and acting as a branding tool. Last it provides a positive environment in the working place. The employees are more productive knowing that they are engaging with a company that cares about the society (crane,

Politics in Cambodia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politics in Cambodia - Essay Example Racial discrimination, in most cases, occurs in several ways. Mostly, racial discrimination takes the form of biological supremacy where those who discriminate believe they are superior and better than the rest. However, the superiority concept is not always a factor in racial discrimination. As was in the case of the genocide in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouges, the main native group, actively discriminated the rest of the groups not necessarily based on their biological identities. On the contrary, racial discrimination in the country was based on economics, politics and their cultural composition of the groups. Stereotyping of issues around these concepts mainly led to racial discrimination of the minority groups. For instance, wealth was an important factor that determined how the Khmer Rouge treated each person. In that respect, the Cambodians were divided into two broad categories; the base people mainly made of the peasant farmers in rural areas and the new people who lived in citie s. Consequently, the new people suffered the most; they were forced to handle tough jobs in extreme conditions. Later, the text will illustrate how the stereotyping of the urban new Chinese minority as economically endowed persons led to exploitation and discrimination policies under the regime. Stereotyping of the Chinese as being among the wealthy class groups resulted in racial discrimination where they  faced  harsher terms compared to the native Khmer.

Essay on Law and Politics. Can the United Nations meet the key

On Law and Politics. Can the United Nations meet the key challenges facing the international community today - Essay Example Along with this evolution of humans and territories, the political setup, which ruled villages, also evolved and new political setups came into being, to rule cities, provinces or states and importantly countries. So, this evolution and establishment of different countries and their government setups have necessitated the formation of a single, omnipresent overseeing organization. The organization that will look after, how the various countries ‘interact’ in sensitive issues, collude in issues which are detrimental to the third country, their internal affairs etc, etc- the list is an lengthy one. In total, a global government to govern the entire globe or world was the need of the hour and so United Nations (UN) was established in 1945. But, the image of ‘global government’ was compromised by the unilateral actions of few countries. So, this paper will discuss how UN despite this contemporary challenge of unilateralism by some countries is still relevant and optimally functioning with the tag of global government UN was started or raised from the ruins of the Second War mainly as an international organization that can prevent any further occurrence of World wars and to look after the basic issues concerning the world population. On 25 April 1945, the ‘seeding’ for the UN was ‘laid’ in San Francisco, when the UN Conference on International Organizations was held with representatives of national governments, non-governmental organizations and important leaders of the world countries participating in it. They were involved in the drafting the UN charter. That charter and thereby the United Nation Organization came into being two months later on June 26, 1945. Around 50 nations who attended the conference and provided their inputs for the drafting of the charter signed the charter, becoming UN members. In course of time, more countries joined it, raising its strength to over 200 countries, giving

The Cases Of A Judicial Precedent

The Cases Of A Judicial Precedent Judicial precedent can be explained as where past decisions of judges are followed in future cases when the facts of the cases are similar. Therefore the legal definition of Judicial precedent can be stated as a courts judgment quoted as a power for choosing a comparable set of facts; a case which provides authority for the legal principle launched in its judgment. It refers to the way in which the law is made and amended through the decisions of judges as there is no particular set of binding rules. The judicial precedents doctrine is based on the principle called stare decisis to stand upon decisions and by which precedents are commanding and compulsory and must be practiced. This means that lower courts are bound to apply the legal principles set by superior courts in earlier cases. This provides balance and certainty in the law. A precedent is always based upon the two factors the ratio decidendi which means a reason for the decision and obiter dictum which means something said by the way and also, the decisions made in the previous relevant cases. The ratio decidendi of a case is the important part of establishing precedents that binds inferior courts in the hierarchy. When a judge makes his judgement in a case, he outlines the facts which he finds have been proved on the evidence. Then he applies the law to those facts and reaches at a decision, for which he gives the reason (ratio decidendi). Whereas obiter dictum is a decision given by a judge that has only incidental bearing on the case in question and is therefore not binding in later cases. The decision of the judge may vary according to the facts of the case and is not strictly relevant to the matter in the issue in the original case. The ratio decidendi is the binding part of a judicial decision whereas an obiter dictum isnt. However, an obiter dictum may be of persuasive (as opposed to binding) authority in later cases. Even if any difficulty arises, the judge will give reasons for his decision, however he will not always tell what the ratio decidendi of case is, and it is then up to a later judge to figure out (elicit) the ratio of the case. However, there may be disagreement over what the ratio is and there may be more than one ratio. Thus, it is not always easy to differentiate ratio decidendi from obiter dictum when assessing the effects of a particular decision; however, when judicial precedent is used, the judge follows or takes the reference of a decision made in a similar past cases that has already been judged upon and he is ruling the same way using the other case as a guideline. Thus, law reporting, hierarchy of courts and a method of distinguishing between obiter dicta ratio decidendi are considered to be the key features of judicial precedent. The general rule of the precedent is that all courts are bound to follow decisions made by their superior courts and appellate courts are usually bound by their own previous decisions. However, certain of the superior courts think themselves as bound by their own verdicts whilst others do not.. Until 1966 The House of Lords was bound by its own previous decisions when Lord Gardiner LC announced a change of practice. The Practice Statement [1966] 1 WLR 1234 stated that even though the House of Lords would treat its decisions as normally binding, it would move off from these when it appeared right to do so. A judgment of the House of Lords ties all lower courts but does not consider itself as strictly bound by its past decisions, for eg, in Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1990) the House overruled its previous decision in Anns v London Borough of Merton (1978) on the matter of a local authoritys legal responsibility in negligence to prospect purchasers of property. The Court of Appeal is bound by decisions of the House of Lords although it considers them to be wrong. However in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718, the Court of Appeal held that it was bound by its own previous decisions subject to the following three exceptions: i. If there is conflict between own previous decisions, the Court of Appeal must decide which is to be followed or rejected. ii. The Court of Appeal must not follow its own decision which cannot stand with a decision of the House of Lords even if its decision hasnt been expressly overruled by the House of Lords. iii. The Court of Appeal need not to follow its own decision if satisfied that it was given per incuriam (literally, by carelessness or mistake). The High Court and the county courts are bound by the decisions of the court of appeal. Principally there is no difference in the application of stare decisis in the civil and criminal divisions of the Court of Appeal. In practice, because a persons liberty may be at risk, precedent is not followed as strictly in the criminal division however judges tend to follow the decisions of the high court for the sake of certainty. For example R v Taylor [1950] 2 KB 368. The High Court is bound by the decisions of Court of Appeal and the House of Lords however it is not bound by other High Court decisions. The county courts are bound by the decisions of individual high courts. House of Lords and the Court of Appeal binds Divisional Court and normally follows a previous decision of another Divisional Court but if they believe that the previous decision was wrong, they may depart. For eg. R v Greater Manchester Coroner, ex parte Tal [1985] QB 67. The Crown Court judgments are not binding, though they are of persuasive authority. Therefore, Crown Court judges are not obliged to follow them. The decisions made by the judges of county courts and magistrates courts are not binding. Judicial precedent is one of the most important source of English law. An original precedent created and applied a new rule whereas the later decisions, of the higher courts, can have a number of effects upon precedents. Particularly they may be: Reversed: where on appeal in the same case, the decision is reversed and the appeal court substitute its own decision. Overruled: Overruling can occur if the previous court fail to apply law correctly, or because the later court considers that the rule of law contained in the previous ratio decidendi is no longer required, then a higher court can overrule a decision made in an earlier case by a lower court. For example, the Court of Appeal can overrule a past High Court decision. A refusal to follow: the court may refuse to follow the earlier decision especially when it is not bound by the decision or cannot overrule it but doesnt wish to follow it. Distinguished: Judges use distinguishing as a tool to avoid following a earlier decision which they would otherwise be bound to follow. It helps to keep judicial precedent and the law flexible. Where a judge founds that the material facts of the present case to be considerably different from the earlier case, then he may distinguish both the cases and refuse to follow previous decision. For eg. Merritt v Merritt (1971) and Balfour v Balfour (1919) Explained: a judge may seek to study or discuss a past decision before applying it or distinguishing it, thus the impact of the previous case is diverse in the circumstances of the current case. A decision which is reached per incuriam is one reached by carelessness or mistake, and can be avoided. For eg. Morelle v Wakeling [1955] 2 QB 379 However, this rule does not allow the Court of Appeal to ignore decisions of the House of Lords. There are three types of Precedent, Original, Binding and Persuasive and are used instead of statutory law in civil cases. Original Precedent is one where the point of law is absolutely new and has never been decided before, means a new case that has never been in trial, the decision then judge comes to will form a new precedent for subsequent cases which may be persuasive but not binding on the court. for eg. the cases heard regarding the 7th July 2005 London bombings were original precedent as the cases were never heard before a UK judge. Binding precedent is when a case involves a point of law, the lawyers for both sides will research past cases to try and find decisions that will help their clients win the case. A past decision is only binding if the decision is at the right level in the hierarchy and the facts of the second case are satisfactorily similar and also only the ratio decidendi of the earlier case is binding. A persuasive precedent is not completely binding on a court but may be applied. For eg. a. Decisions of English courts lower in the hierarchy. For eg, the House of Lords may follow a Court of Appeal decision, and the Court of appeal may follow a High Court decision, even though not strictly bound to do so. b. Decisions made by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. c. Decisions made in the courts in Scotland, Ireland, the Commonwealth (especially Australia, Canada and New Zealand), and the USA. These decisions are usually cited specially where there is a shortage or absolute lack of English authority on a point. d. Obiter dicta of English judges. Judicial precedent enables certainty in the law as its detailed. It helps in forecasting the decision only by looking at the existing precedents. The uniformity in the law enables to treat similar cases in the same way which in turn helps to give the system a sense of justice and to make the system acceptable to the public. However, it may lead to some difficulties in deciding what the ratio decidendi is, mainly when there are a number of reasons. As it is not a set of binding rules, the system limits the growth of the law and can create injustice in individual cases. Hundreds of cases are reported each year, making it hard to find the relevant precedent which should be followed and thus creates a confusion and becomes too complex with thousands of fine distinctions. If judicial precedent was a set of binding rules like statutory law it would have not been that flexible. Therefore from the above discussion, we can conclude that, it is crystal clear that the judicial precedent is based on the real facts and situations, unlike legislation or statutory laws where the law is created. Judicial precedent is practical in nature, and therefore it becomes more flexible. Thus we get number of ways to avoid precedents which allows the system to change and to adapt to new situations referring through a wealth of cases. Thus, judicial precedent is best understood as a practice of the courts and not as a set of binding rules. As a practice it could be refined or changed by the courts as they wish.

Schindlers lost Essay -- essays research papers

Shindler's List Schindlers List "Memory is all we have, and when the memories are dreadful- when they hold images of the pain we have suffered or, perhaps inflicted- they are what we are try to escape" (Corliss 110). Steven Spielberg captures the audience in this critically acclaimed movie about the Holocaust. Schindlers List is a movie made to induce the mind into the unknown, the horrors of World War II. David Ansen states "Schindlers List plunges us into the nightmare of the Holocaust with newsreel-like urgency- and amazing restraint" (Newsweek 113). Spielberg brings out all emotions in recapturing this monstrous time period. Schindlers List is about Oskar Schindler, a German Nazi who uses the Jews to make money off the war. At the beginning of the movie Schindler is portrayed as a womanizer, gambler, and heavy drinker. He becomes friends with some top Nazi officials to better himself. As the movie progresses Schindler begins to produce war materials using the Jews as a labor force. As he sits back and watches the various actions of the Nazis he begins to question his morals. His accountant, Itzhak Stern, begins making a list of around 1200 Jews. These Jews were to come and work in Schindlers' factory. When Germany surrendered all of the Nazis were to be hunted. Many Jews thanked him and all of the workers wrote a letter explaining Schindlers' actions. Also, a gold ring was given to him inscribed, "Whoever saves one life saves the world entire" (Talmud). Schindler said good-bye to his workers and fled. Only now the Jews are liberated to have nowhere to go and nowhere to leave. Many great directors concentrate on dialogue, scenery, and plat; however, Spielberg stresses the importance of camera angles and the effect of black and white film, scenes and characters, on viewers in Schindlers List. With his outstanding work on camera angles, Steven Spielberg holds the audience at breath while waiting for the next scene. Spielberg uses a hand held came ra to grasp the effects. David Denby explains how the use of a handheld camera is much more accurate. "The camera keeps moving [†¦] moving fast, chasing corners and up stairways [†¦]." Spielberg makes the movie look "like and advertent look of newsreel footage" (1282). Life magazine quoted Spielberg discussing the image of Amon Goeth sunbathing. A man named Raymon... ...s that there is mass murdering going on. By looking on the walls at the shadows, the sights seen are atrocious. These shadows came from the black and white color of the film. So what caused the Holocaust? Many agree the main factor was indifference. "Schindler's List is about the triumph of the human spirit over sadism and degradation, indifference and silence" (Rader 6). Oskar Schindler saved 1200 Jews. Today more than 6000 Jews are descendants of the Schindler Jews. Spielberg ends the movie with the Schindler Jews placing stones on Schindler's grave. The movie is now in color to remind the audience that there is still mourning going on for the Holocaust victims. Someone who was dedicated to recreating an awful historical event could only do this movie. Steven Spielberg, a Jew himself, never believed he could make it through the movie. He too believed that the black and white made the movie easier to bear with, and gave it a more realistic viewpoint. "The movie en ds with the final message "Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire." This message is true. Spielberg has constructed this movie as an educational film, so that it may never happen again.